Despite the approach they have been recommended to use in their initial teacher education, teachers’ initial concerns are typically with what they want their learners to do during the lesson. Later their attention turns to the kind of input and support that learners will need to carry out the learning activities. (p.14)
What they [approaches using Central designs] have in common […] is the priority they attribute to learning processes, classroom participation, and the role of the teacher and the learners in creating opportunities for learning. (p.20)
The purpose and content of a course ‘will vary according to the needs of the students and their particular interests’ (Krashen and Terrell, 1983: 65). (p.16)
Richards, J. C. (2013). Curriculum approaches in language teaching: Forward, central, and backward design. RELC Journal, 44(1), 5-33. doi:10.1177/0033688212473293
[C]urriculum typically refers to the knowledge and skills students are expected to learn, which includes the learning standards or learning objectives they are expected to meet; the units and lessons that teachers teach; the assignments and projects given to students; the books, materials, videos, presentations, and readings used in a course; and the tests, assessments, and other methods used to evaluate student learning. (出典:https://www.edglossary.org/curriculum/)
In language teaching, forward planning is an option when the aims of learning are understood in very general terms such as in courses in ‘general English’ or with introductory courses at primary or secondary level where goals may be described in such terms as ‘proficiency in language use across a wide range of daily situations’, or ‘communicative ability in the four language skills’. Curriculum planning in these cases involves operationalizing the notions of ‘general English’, or ‘intermediate level English’ or ‘writing skills’ in terms of units that can be used as the basis for planning, teaching and assessment. (p.9)
A forward design option may be preferred in circumstances where a mandated curriculum is in place, where teachers have little choice over what and how to teach, where teachers rely mainly on textbooks and commercial materials rather than teacher-designed resources, where class size is large and where tests and assessments are designed centrally rather than by individual teachers. […] Forward design may also be a preferred option in situations where teachers may have limited English language proficiency and limited opportunities for professional development, since much of the planning and development involved can be accomplished by specialists rather than left to the individual teacher. (29)
Richards, J. C. (2013). Curriculum approaches in language teaching: Forward, central, and backward design. RELC Journal, 44(1), 5-33. doi:10.1177/0033688212473293
Wiggins, G. P., & McTighe, J. (2005). Understanding by design (Expand 2nd ed.). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.